Tuesday 25 April 2023
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Tuesday 26 April 2011
Coleridge's Narrative Art
Narrative Art; that of Mr. Samuel Taylor Coleridge
The great Romantic ST Coleridge excels in the art of narration. He has mastered this art in mixing up a plethora of ideas, techniques and events to make a straightforward story into a masterpiece of art and literature. Though he has written many a narrative ballad but The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is the example I have selected to describe his superior art of narration. His art is described here according to the sequence of the poem rather pick up randomly.
The construction of the Ancient Mariner is that of a narrative-based medieval ballad, conforming to the genre’s traditional rules of metre, of fairly regular quatrains, with an 8 syllable tetrameter structure, creating the impression that it is a product of oral tradition rather than a written culture.
The use of short sentence structure and internal rhyme, as in:
The ship was cheered, the harbour cleared
The use of simile:
And listens like a three years child:
The use of repetition as in:
Below the Kirk, below the hill,
Below the lighthouse top
The use of reported speech:
“By thy long grey beard and glittering eye,
Now wherefore stopp’st thou me?”
His use of punctuation to create emphasis,
I shot the ALBATROSS.
And now the STORM BLAST came.
He uses contracted verbs, ‘May’st’, enjambment, alliteration and half rhyme. All these techniques assist Coleridge in setting the mood and the genre of this poem and the varying of it’s pace.
The subject-matter is the encounter of a wedding guest with what appears to be an Ancient Mariner. ‘It is an ancient Mariner.’ In this opening line, Coleridge uses the impersonal ‘It’ to describe this entity which may or may not be of this world. The wedding guest is there to attend his next of kin’s wedding. However, the Ancient Mariner alludes later in the poem, to the fact that they were drawn to this meeting, as in:
I pass, like night, from land to land;
I have strange power of speech;
That moment his face I see,
I know the man that must hear me;
To him my tale I teach.
As if the wedding guest was pre-selected as the student.
Some of the recurrent themes he has used throughout include references to, nature, both in its beauty and horror:
The ice was here, the ice was there,
The ice was all around:
It cracked and growled, and roared and howled,
Like noises in a swound!
Others have been water and clouds, mist, sky and the Sun and Moon and the stars, and snow, his use of light and dark, good and bad, partially symbolised by the woman. He has used references to human activities, music, ‘the merry din’, ‘for he heard the loud bassoon,’ whistling and voices, flutes, angels song and birdsong, and also addresses the loss of faith:
I looked to heaven and tried to pray:
But or ever a prayer had gusht,
a wicked whisper came,
And made my heart as dry as dust.’
Coleridge’s description of the state of the ship and its sorry crew, is in such a way to almost drain the reader into feeling weary:
The weary time, a weary to find’,
Like a load on my weary eye.
I fear thee ancient Mariner, and the look from the eyes of his dead ship mates, the wedding guest’s fear of his skinny hand, and the penalties for the curse, build the feelings of dread and foreboding in the reader.
Coleridge, however, despite the nature of the rhyme, subtly crafted humour into the beginning. The reported speech of the wedding guest, contains a sense of rhythm and timing which is almost comical.
“By thy long grey beard and glittering eye,
Now wherefore stopp’st thou me?
The Bridegroom’s doors are opened wide,
And I am next of kin;
The guests are met, the feast is set:
May’st hear the merry din.”
The Ancient Mariner commences with his tale, the mood of which starts optimistic:
The ship was cheered, the harbour cleared,
merrily did we drop
below the kirk, below the hill,
below the lighthouse top’,
The Sun came up upon the left,
Out of the sea came he!
And he shone bright, and on the right
Went down into the sea.
This quatrain is the poet’s first use of personification, giving the sun masculine qualities, which help donate this work to the Romantic genre. It also gives direction to the ship, rising from the left, from the east, helps orientate the reader, to the fact that the ship is heading south. The poet has given further references to the rising and setting of the Sun and its position over the ship’s mast throughout.
In the quatrain following, the wedding guest momentarily loses his patience,
The wedding guest here beat his breast,
For he heard the loud bassoon’,
With this the humour of the poem returns, and also reinforces to the reader, that this is a tale being recounted, bringing us back to the space and time in which this tale is being told. It appears that the central role of this poem is the tale itself, which needs to be both told and heard. Coleridge then uses repetition and internal rhyme to bring the attention of the reader from the Wedding Guest and back to the Ancient Mariner,
The wedding guest he beat his breast,
Yet he cannot chuse but hear;
And thus spake on that ancient man,
The bright eyed Mariner.
Here Coleridge is giving us a picture of a man torn between a call of his family to the celebration and the spell cast by this strange old being.
Coleridge has also built into the poem a sense of tension and excitement with the description of the ship’s race with the storm.
And now the STORM BLAST came,
And he was tyrannous and strong:
He struck with his o’ertaking wings,
And chased south along.
With sloping masts and dipping prow,
As who pursued with yell and blow
Still treads the shadow of his foe
And forward bends his head,
The ship drove fast, loud roared the blast,
And southward aye we fled’
He goes on to give us a vivid picture of the environment which the Mariners now encountered:
And now there came both mist and snow,
And it grew wondrous cold:
And ice, mast-high, came floating by,
As green as emerald.
In this quatrain Coleridge gives us a sense of scale and dimension, the mist and snow, cutting off the ship from the outside world, the ice as tall as the ship’s mast.
And through the drifts the snowy clifts
Did send a dismal sheen:
Nor shapes of men nor beasts we ken-
The ice was all between
The ship, at risk from being crushed by the ice, the terrifying noises as the ice moved upon the surface of the sea.
The ice was here, the ice was there,
The ice was all around:
It cracked and growled, and roared and howled,
Like noises in a swound!’,
Coleridge adds further tension to the poem. ‘At length did cross an Albatross:,’ the first living creature they had encountered,
Thorough the fog it came;
As if it had been a Christian soul,
We hailed it in God’s name’.
It ate the food it ne’er had eat,
And round and round it flew.
The ice did split with a thunder-fit;
The helmsman steered us through!
Such was the joy of the Mariners at the sight of the albatross, a sign of life in this lifeless environment, a symbol of hope and renewal to the sailors, happy for it to take their food and responding to their calls without fear of man, they took it as a good omen for their journey, and blessed it in the Name of God. Here Coleridge provides a break from the early tension created in the poem. After the albatross is killed, the changes in the fortunes of the sailors, for good or ill, are laid at the feet of the Ancient Mariner, culminating in the act of replacing a religious icon, the cross, with the body of the bird.
Ah! well a-day! what evil looks
Had I from old and young!
Instead of the cross, the Albatross
About my neck was hung.
The predicament that Coleridge placed the Ancient Mariner in, by including into the poem, an unthinking act of indifference, places the Ancient Mariner’s spirituality under threat, and the trials and struggles needed to be redeemed. Coleridge is again building the tension, like a wave upon the ocean.
Coleridge changes the sailor’s relationship with nature here, as the ship becomes becalmed, this is a dramatic and fundamental change. The meaning of the Sun changed from a symbol of optimism to a symbol of fear and dread.
All in a hot and copper sky,
The bloody Sun, at noon,
Right up above the mast did stand,
No bigger than the Moon.
Its heat is drying-out the ship and the bodies of men who were too parched to speak. He continues these feelings of being becalmed in the third part of the poem too, ‘There passed a weary time’: keeping the sense of the urgent, but slow passing of time, and time weighing heavy upon the crew by his use of punctuation and repetition,
A weary time! a weary time!
How glazed each weary eye
Of a thirst that robs them of the ability to laugh or wail, ‘Each throat was parched, and glazed each eye.’ The a-spying of the ship, which at first would have seemed a blessing, giving the reader it also seems, a symbol for the release of tension, ‘When looking westward,’ ‘the west’ is a symbol in many cultures as the land of the dead however, ‘I beheld A something in the sky.’ The poem goes on to use another powerful symbol, the blood sacrifice,
I bit my arm, I sucked the blood,
And cried, A sail! a sail!,
But as the ghost ship draws alongside, all are thrown into despair,
Are those her ribs through which
The Sun Did peer, as through a grate?
And is that Woman all her crew?
Is that a DEATH?
And are there two?
Is DEATH that woman’s mate?
The Night-Mare LIFE-IN-DEATH was she,
Who thicks man’s blood with cold.
Then Coleridge brings about the awful fate of the crew, looking their last upon the Ancient Mariner, they fall dead, a fearful image is created by the poet in this series of quatrains.
The souls did from their bodies fly,
They fled to bliss or woe!
And every soul, it passed me by,
Like the whizz of my CROSS-BOW!
In this quatrain, Coleridge gives an indication to a belief in the Judgement and reward of man after death, ‘they fled to bliss or woe!’ and again, this gives another reference to the poet’s religious knowledge and to the themes common to the Romantic period.
After the crew had perished, the poet brings us back to the present and provides some relief from the tension created, by the use of reported speech by the wedding guest,
“I fear thee, ancient Mariner!
I fear thy skinny hand!
And thou art long, and lank, and brown,
As is the ribbed sea-sand.
I fear thee and thy glittering eye,
And thy skinny hand, so brown.”
In this quatrain, he uses simile by comparing the physical aspects of the Ancient Mariner to the ribbed sea-sand. The poet repeats this technique several times throughout the poem.
In the following quatrain Coleridge again used repetition to convey how utterly alone and without faith the Ancient Mariner had now become,
Alone all, all alone,
Alone on a wide wide sea!
Coleridge gives further emphasis to how unworthy the Ancient Mariner felt about himself, wishing he could die, and looking upon nature with revulsion.
The many men, so beautiful!
And they all dead did lie:
And a thousand thousand slimy things
Lived on; and so did I.
This theme continues for the seven days and nights he spent looking into the eyes of his dead shipmates,
Seven days, seven nights, I saw that curse,
And yet I could not die
AND neither could the things that the Ancient Mariner feared,
Within the shadow of the ship
I watched their rich attire:
Blue, glossy green, and velvet black,
They coiled and swam; and every track
Was a flash of golden fire.
Yet out of this hell and purgatory which Coleridge has placed this poor fellow, to help resolve this tension, he throws his principal character a life line, an unconscious blessing comes from the Ancient Mariner,
O happy living things! no tongue
Their beauty might declare:
A spring of love gushed from my heart
And I blessed them unaware:
Sure my kind saint took pity on me,
And I blessed them unaware.
On the things he had loathed lay the key to his salvation, and salvation is brought in an instant,
The self same moment I could pray;
And from my neck so free
The Albatross fell off, and sank
Like lead into the sea.
The crew become animated once more, by good spirits, manning the ship and getting under way, and Coleridge concludes the fourth part of the poem with again a reference to the wedding guest.
After heavenly inspired sleep, the Mariner awakens to find his thirst quenched, and there are heavenly voices and bird song in the air. These are devices typical to the Romantic poets, symbols of healing and forgiveness, and Coleridge’s knowledge of their hidden meanings is apparent. The Mariner also discovers the crew are all gathered and are looking at him, so giving the impression of some tension remaining within the poem’s tale. The Mariner turns and discovers that he is off the coast of his own country. The Mariner turns again to find the crew are guiding, with lights, the pilot to the vessel.
The Ancient Mariner turns again and sees the hermit good. Coleridge again gives his principal character another medium of salvation. ‘He’ll shrieve my soul, he’ll wash away The Albatross’s blood.’
Coleridge then gives us back ground on the hermit, where he lives, and what he does, his devotions, and conversations with other Mariners. Then the poem switches back to the Ancient Mariner, of the conversations between the pilot and the hermit, which the Ancient Mariner is able to overhear, the reservations of the pilot and the cheerfulness of the hermit. Suddenly the ship goes down, and the Mariner finds himself in the pilot’s boat, which is being pulled into a maelstrom. And with a combination of the hermit’s devoutness and the last of the ancient Mariners strength, the pilot’s ship is able to pull free of the whirlpool and they reach dry land.
Here the Mariner beseeches the hermit to save him from his curse. And the Mariner finds that to tell the hermit his tale, gave him relief and eased his troubled mind. However the Mariner has to recant his tale again, hence why he cannot remain in one place for any length of time that he wanders from land to land to teach his tale.
And thus is Coleridge’s rather lengthy tale reaches its conclusion, the Ancient Mariner bids goodbye to the wedding guest,
Farewell, farewell! but this I tell
To thee, thou Wedding-Guest!’
Mariner gives him advice that he can,
He prayeth well, who loveth well
Both man and bird and beast.
He prayeth best, who loveth best
All things both great and small;
For the dear God who loveth us
He made and loveth all.
The effect of his tale is shown by the manner of the wedding guest:
The Mariner, whose eye is bright,
Whose beard with age is hoar,
Is gone: and now the Wedding-Guest
Turned from the bridegroom’s door.
He went like one that hath been stunned,
And is of sense forlorn:
A sadder and a wiser man,
He rose the morrow morn.’
The poem opens with the Wedding Guest and the Mariner, and resolves itself by showing the Mariner has been successful in his mission, the tale has been heard by the Wedding Guest, the build-up of tension is released by this and resolves the tale having progressed from ignorance and despair to knowledge and wisdom.
It is a tale within a tale, a moral story of fear, guilt, blame and salvation. It is also a very lengthy composition, the references to nature and spirituality and man’s relationship to them, demonstrates the poem’s Romantic origins. The modern reader, of which I am, would find a poem of this length rather daunting, as I have, its use of language is somewhat archaic and many of the religious aspects could be missed. It was difficult to write an essay upon as there are so many techniques and examples which could be referenced and deeper meanings left to explore that I am afraid that I have not done the rime justice. Coleridge’s narrative art is a fine mixture of awe-inspiring description with repetition, humour, personification, tension and excitement, symbols, dramatic and supernatural changes, Christian beliefs, digression and morals. His narrative has powerful thoughts and teems with Romantic ideas using Romantic devices.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
My Favourite Hero in History/ Muhammad Ali Jinnah/ The Best Politician
“All the history is biography of great men.” But no man is great who is great only in his lifetime and is forgotten after his death. Great persons have a sacred mission of helping and guiding the suffering humanity. They die but their death makes them immortal because they live in our hearts. The 20th century has seen a number of great personalities on the international political scene; none of them is equal to Quaid-e-Azam in intellect and honesty of purpose. He is my favourite hero.
No body knew that a baby boy, born on December 25, 1876 to Mr. Poonja Jinnah, was going to change the history by carving out a separate homeland for the Muslims of South Asia.
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, was a man of great and rare qualities of head and heart. He was a symbol of integrity and honesty. Even his worst enemies admitted that the Quaid was unpurchasable. He was a top-notch orator who could spellbind the audience for hours. He was an intelligent and lively thinker. He told them that they were a separate nation from the Hindus. They needed a separate country where they could live true meanings of their creed.
Mr. M. A. Jinnah, Bar-at-law, started practice in Karachi and thereafter went to Bombay. At the same time, he began to take interest in politics. In the beginning, he joined the Indian National Congress but soon left it on seeing the evil aims of the Hindus. He soon felt, however, that the Congress was merely a smokescreen to consolidate Hindu India at the expense of Muslims. He joined the Muslim League to the conclusion that there was no hope of unity.
His leadership kindled a new imagination among the frustrated Muslims. He created a political awareness among the Muslims of India. He united the Muslims on one platform. He fought against the Hindus and the British imperialists. He worked very hard for nation inspite of this failing health. The Hindus and the English were equally afraid of his political insight and sound character. He made numberless speeches in which he demanded a separate state for the Muslims.
In 1940, the famous Pakistan resolution was passed. It was his strong character, his unshakable determination and his power of persuasion that brought about the successful realization of the Muslim struggle in the shape of Pakistan. He became its first Governor General. The Quaid was seventy-one when Pakistan was born. He was spared by Almighty only for one year to set the ship of the new State on its keel. Alas! His hard and difficult life came to an end on 11th September 1948. It was said afterwards:
“Gandhi died by the hands of an assassin; Jinnah died by his devotion to Pakistan.”
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
THE HOLY PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH)
The following extract has been taken from the book “The 100 - a Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History” by Michael H. Hart, a Christian American, an astronomer, a mathematician, a chess master, and a scientist. After extensive research, he rated prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as number one and to be considered as the most influential single figure in human history.
“My choice of Muhammad (PBUH) to lead the list of the world’s most influential persons may surprise some readers and may be questioned by others, but he was the only man in history who was supremely successful on both the religious and secular levels…… It is this unparalleled combination of secular and religious influence, which I feel, entitles Muhammad (PBUH) to be considered the most influential single figure in human history.”
This was the personality and character of our beloved Prophet (PBUH) that outshone all other personalities of the world. He came into this world at the time when the Arabians were indulged in extreme ignorance, deterioration of morality and association of partners with Allah. They were brutes who killed ruthlessly and knew no morality.
Holy Prophet (PHUH) was born in A.D. 570 in Makkah. He had an unparalleled spiritual and physical beauty and grandeur which is second to none in either past or future. The middle-statured, Holy Prophet (PBUH) was brought up by his grandfather and then his uncle Abu Talib. In his boyhood and youth, he remained exemplary in character and he steered clear of all the evils of the contemporary society. He had ideal morals and was renowned as Sadiq (the truthful) and Amin (the honest) even to his worst enemies and this was all before prophet-hood.
At the age of forty, during his daily meditation in Cave of Hira, he received first revelation from Allah Almighty through the angel Gabriel (A.S.).
“Read, in the name of thy Lord who created. He created man from a clot of blood.”
He began preaching Islam and proclaimed himself as prophet and messenger of Allah. The Makkans turned against him. Though he had gathered a quite handsome number of following yet he and his companions were forced to migrate to Madina, at that time known as Yathrib.
He was readily accepted there and he started a true Islamic society there. The brutes of Arabia were turning into polite and civilized human beings by hundreds and thousands every day. His success included Conquest of Makkah. After the Hajja-tul-Wida’, he left the world leaving the Muslims bereaved and mournful. He was buried in the Mosque of the Prophet. He gave the Muslims his life as a way to follow and Quran as a source of inspiration and hidayah.
This short essay is just a glimpse of his life and achievements and this glimpse is quite insufficient to describe our beloved Holy Prophet (pbuh) who was at one and the same time a diplomat, merchant, philosopher, orator, legislator, reformer, military general, and The Last and Final Prophet of Allah. It was his true spiritual character that Islam spread through Africa, Europe, Near, Middle and Far East, and South Asia in no time.
“Our Prophet was a radical too - he fought against the injustices of his community and challenged the feudal order of his society, so they called him a radical. So what? We should be proud of that!”
Abu Bakar Bashir, Indonesian reformist
Imran Saeed
Word Count: 560+
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